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Runciman Mission
The Runciman Mission to Czechoslovakia was a British Government initiative aimed at resolving an international crisis threatening to lead to war in Europe in the summer of 1938. The Mission, headed by a former British cabinet minister Lord Runciman, was sent to mediate in a dispute between the Government of Czechoslovakia and the Sudeten German Party (SdP), representing the radicalised ethnic German minority within the country. The British mediators were active on the ground in Czechoslovakia during the late summer, issuing their report shortly before the Munich Conference in September.
==Background==
The crisis in Czechoslovakia arose from demands for territorial autonomy (and probable eventual secession) for the predominantly German-speaking areas located mainly along the western borders of Czechoslovakia, known as the Sudetenland. These territories and their population of over 3 million ethnic Germans, historically parts of Bohemia within the Habsburg Empire, had been included in Czechoslovakia, largely for strategic and economic reasons, at the formation of the state in 1918.〔Perman, D., ''The Shaping of the Czechoslovak State: Diplomatic History of the Boundaries of Czechoslovakia, 1914-1920'', Leiden, 1962, pp. 125-36.〕 Following Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in neighbouring Germany in 1933, the German minority population within Czechoslovakia, radicalised by economic hardship and propaganda, turned to the SdP - which emulated the Nazis across the border.〔Wiskemann, Elizabeth, ''Czechs and Germans: A Study of the Struggle in the Historic Provinces of Bohemia and Moravia'', 2nd edn., London, 1967, pp. 197-206.〕 In April 1938, the party leader, Konrad Henlein, demanded not only full administrative autonomy for the German areas but also the right to practice National Socialism within them.〔Eight demands by Konrad Henlein, Carlsbad, 24 April 1938, ''Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945'', Series D, vol. 2, London, 1950, no. 135.〕 Earlier, in March 1938, during a meeting with Hitler in Berlin, Henlein was instructed to keep tension high by continuing to make demands of the Czechoslovak authorities but to avoid reaching a settlement with them.〔Henlein’s report on meeting with Hitler, 28 March 1938, ''Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945'', Series D, vol. 2, London, 1950, no. 107.〕 The secret plan of preparation for the invasion of Czechoslovakia, “Case Green”, was set for completion by 1 October 1938.〔Directive for Operation “Green”, Berlin, 30 May 1938, ''Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945'', Series D, vol. 2, London, 1950, no. 221〕
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